Hi Folks,

In this new tutorial, I am going to show you what most of developers/programmers already know, but not able to keep track of such things. I call it as ‘Ruby cheat-sheet‘, you can call it by the name you like.

This will also help those people who have just started learning ‘Ruby’.

IMPORTANT NOTE:

• I will keep on updating this article frequently.
• Also need your valuable response, if you feel there is a better/easy concept available.
• If I am not sure of something or don’t know the concept, I am going to highlight that with ‘Red‘ color. Later, you can put your opinion in the comment section and I will update that with your name.

1. Symbols (e.b :name, :age etc.) as just a convenient way of referencing a name.
2. You don’t need to per-declare a symbol.
3. A ‘Class‘ is a combination of state (for example, the name of the animal) and method that use that state (perhaps the method how animal eats).
4. The standard ruby constructor is ‘new‘.
5. Every object in Ruby has a unique ‘Object identifier‘ (called as Object ID).
6. Class have instance methods. These instance methods have access to the object’s instance variables.
7. Methods are defined with the keyword ‘def‘ followed by method name.
8. The most common way to create String objects in Ruby is ‘string literals‘. (E.g. “I am a string”, ‘I am another string’)
9. The logical difference between ‘Single quotes‘ and “Double quotes” in Ruby is the amount of processing Ruby does. In double quote case, Ruby first looks for substitution and replaces them with some binary value. (E.g. puts “Good Night, \nAuthor”)
10. Global variables: starts with ($) sign: E.g. $name
11. Instance variable: starts with (@) sign: E.g. @name
12. Class variables: starts with (@@) sign: E.g. @@name
13. Class name, module name and Constants: Starts with the uppercase letter: E.g class MyClass, module Login
14. Array stores collection of object with a key to access them.
15. An array can have objects of different types.
16. Hash contains key, value pair.
17. Ruby treats ‘nil’ as false in conditions.
18. A regular expression is a way of specifying a pattern of characters to be matched in a string.
19. The match operator (=~) can be used to match a regular expression against a string.
20. Yield (yield) is a Ruby method
21. In Ruby, nil is also an Object
22. When you run Ruby programs you can actually pass arguments. This concept is called command-line-arguments. For e.g. ruby my_example.rb firstname lastname city.
23. The initialize method in Ruby lets us set the state of each object. When we call ClassName.new to create a new object, Ruby allocates some memory to hold an UN-initialized object.
24. When we pass an object to puts based on the class, it writes the name of the object’s class, followed by a colon and a unique identifier.
25. Ruby gives flexibility to its programmers. You can over-write the default methods. (E.g. def to_s)
26. attr_reader is the modified way of accessor methods.
27. attr_accessor provides you to read and write methods. (E.g. attr_accessor :age)
28. Virtual attributes**
29. ‘require‘, ‘require_relative‘ & ‘load‘
30. Access Controls – ‘Public‘, ‘Private‘ & Protected
31. In ‘Ruby’ a variable is not an Object. It is simply reference to an Object.
32. ‘initialize‘ is a private method in Ruby.
33. Block, Procs and Lambda are ways of grouping code we want to run. These are examples of closure in Ruby.
34. Both Proc and Lambda are Proc Objects.
35. Lambda check the number of arguments and throws argument error, whereas Proc does not.
36. In “Inheritance“, if class B inherits the property of class A, then all the methods of class A becomes the member of class B.
    • Assuming child = Child.new; then child.superclass => Parent
    • parent.superclass => Object
    • Object.superclass => BasicObject
    • BasicObject.superclass => nil
37. Modules: is a way of grouping together Methods, Classes and Constants.
    • Provide namespaces and prevent name clashes.
    • Supports the mix-in functionality.
    • A Module is not a class.
    • A Module cannot have instances.
    • We can always include a module in a class definition – After doing that all module instance methods are suddenly becomes available as methods in the class. They get mix-in.
    • mix-in modules don’t use instance variable directly. They use accessors to retrieve data.
38. self.method_name: Gives you access to the current object.
39. begin-rescue block: Use for exception handling.




	begin
	# Code to be executed here
	# This part will be 'protected'
	raise # Use this to raise any message
	rescue
	# Exception Handling, like argument error, 404
	retry # use this if you want the begin block to be executed again, if execption occurs.
	ensure
	# This part will always get executed.
	end

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block.rb

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